A wrap-up of posts published on Maven’s Notebook this week …
Note to readers: Sign up for weekly email service and you will receive notification of this post on Friday mornings. Readers on daily email service can add weekly email service by updating their subscription preferences. Click here to sign up!
This week’s featured articles …
FEATURE: Legal aspects of groundwater recharge: Do we need a groundwater recharge ethic?
Groundwater is one of the world’s most important natural resources, but groundwater management has traditionally been governed by lax and uneven legal regimes which tend to focus on the extraction of groundwater or groundwater quality, rather than groundwater recharge. In a January 2022 webinar from Berkeley’s Center for Law, Energy, and the Environment, Dave Owen, professor at UC Hastings School of Law in San Francisco, discusses the many human activities that can affect groundwater recharge, the existing legal doctrines that affect groundwater recharge, occasionally by design but usually inadvertently; and how more intentional and effective systems of groundwater-recharge law can be constructed.
Click here to read this article.
DELTA INDEPENDENT SCIENCE BOARD: An update on the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan
At the March meeting of the Delta Independent Science Board (ISB), in preparation for a potential ISB review of environmental flows, the Board was given on overview and an update on the progress to date on updating the Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Plan (or Plan.) Erin Foresman and Matt Holland, both with the State Resources Water Control Board, provided an overview of the Plan’s progress to date, the two recent processes to update the Plan, the scientific basis used to support the updates, and how a potential ISB review on environmental flows can inform the State Water Board’s efforts.
Click here to read this article.
GUEST COMMENTARY: Let’s Celebrate Clean Water For All on World Water Day
Guest commentary by Sean Bothwell, Executive Director of the California Coastkeeper Alliance
Today, we celebrate World Water Day on the 50th Anniversary of the Clean Water Act. In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act, which set a goal of restoring and maintaining clean water in all of the nation’s rivers, lakes and wetlands by 1985. Five decades later, the vast majority of waterways in California and across the nation are still polluted by discharges of chemicals, sediment, or other contaminants.
These discharges can range from a chemical company pouring waste into a nearby swimming hole, to a logging project clogging up a stream with sediment, to untreated urban storm water carrying bacteria, toxic metals, and trash onto the beach. The impacts of this pollution are often felt most by disadvantaged communities, for example by making local waters unsafe to swim in and making fish from local rivers unsafe to eat for families that rely on fishing to provide food.
It is time California gets on track to provide swimmable, fishable, and drinkable water for all Californians. That is why California Coastkeeper Alliance teamed up with Assembly Members Robert Rivas and Christina Garcia to introduce the Clean Water For All legislative package.
Click here to continue reading this guest commentary.
In California water news this week …
‘Historic dry conditions’: California warns that mandatory water cuts are likely coming
“State regulators gave a bleak drought warning Monday to the farms and cities that draw drinking and irrigation water from California’s major rivers: Prepare for mandatory cutbacks. The State Water Resources Control Board announced it was sending letters to approximately 20,000 water right holders — farmers and cities with historical legal claims to river water. Facing a third straight year of drought, the letter says they should expect to stop pulling water in the coming weeks — and even earlier than last year. … ” Read more from the Sacramento Bee here: ‘Historic dry conditions’: California warns that mandatory water cuts are likely coming
California slashes State Water Project allocation as year begins with record dryness
“Drained reservoirs. Dwindling snowpack. Bone-dry soils. After a record dry start to 2022, California water officials announced Friday that they were cutting State Water Project allocations from 15% to 5%, and warned residents to brace for a third year of drought. The news came only months after a rainy December offered temporary drought relief and prompted officials to announce a modest increase in previously allocated supplies. But after the driest January and February on record — and a March on track to follow suit — officials said they had to make reductions. … ” Read more from the LA Times here: California slashes State Water Project allocation as year begins with record dryness
Worries over this summer’s water supply prompt a request to temporarily change how much is sent to the Delta
“California’s reservoir system serves many important functions. Reservoirs allow for water storage throughout the summer and provide recreational space. Releases from reservoirs also help to keep drinking water free of salt and other contaminants. Water is also regularly released into the Delta to help maintain the stability of the region’s ecosystem. But with 2022 off to a record dry start, water managers are concerned that there won’t be enough water in reservoirs to keep meeting all of those needs through the summer months. That’s why on Friday, California’s Department of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation announced that they are requesting to temporarily change Delta water requirements to allow for fewer releases heading into the dry season. ... ” Read more from KCRA Channel 3 here: Worries over this summer’s water supply prompt a request to temporarily change how much is sent to the Delta
Despite some rain and snow, it’s still not enough precipitation to add to reservoir runoff
“The Department of Water Resources’ “water supply forecasting” team updated their April-July runoff forecast. The team studies the snow depth and the rate the water begins to run-off as it relates to melting. Right now is the peak of snowfall accumulation with runoff projected to continue into late spring. By June or July, the Department of Water Resources says the reservoir levels are typically the highest due to the snowpack almost completely run off. The report released, shows that natural flow rates in rivers have increased, and are more pronounced in the central and southern Sierra. Despite the increased flow, all the rivers are running below half the March average rate, except the San Joaquin River that is running just above half, at 56% rate. ... ” Read more from Channel 10 here: Despite some rain and snow, it’s still not enough precipitation to add to reservoir runoff
SEE ALSO: BULLETIN 120: Forecast update, posted on Maven’s Notebook
State plan releases money for Friant-Kern canal repairs. How much will be spent
“The California Department of Water Resources on Thursday reported it released $29.8 million for repairs to the Friant-Kern Canal, which has lost more than 60 percent of its carrying capacity in eastern Tulare County due to land subsidence. The Middle Reach Capacity Correction Project is intended to restore a 33-mile section of the 152-mile U.S. Bureau of Reclamation canal. Phase one of the project is expected to cost $292 million and be finished in early 2024. The department said the Friant-Kern is one of four projects receiving $100 million under the California Budget Act of 2021 to San Joaquin Valley conveyance systems. The Department of Water Resources is working on agreements on the Delta-Mendota Canal, the San Luis Canal and the California Aqueduct. An additional $100 million in funding is slated for the coming fiscal year. … ” Read more from the Fresno Bee here: State plan releases money for Friant-Kern canal repairs. How much will be spent
From bulldozers to helicopters, Boswell-Vidovich battles continue
“An ongoing tiff over construction of a large water pipeline in Kings County has gone airborne, according to a lawsuit filed by Sandridge Partners. Sandridge, controlled by John Vidovich, is accusing the J.G. Boswell Company of purposely “buzzing” cattle on its lands using a large helicopter. The actions have been ongoing since late January through the present, according to the lawsuit, and have endangered both animals and workers. In an email, Vidovich described the helicopter as “…a massive 7 seater with BIG engines and they dusted the workers in the field. They were low and it was harassment.” … ” Read more from SJV Water here: From bulldozers to helicopters, Boswell-Vidovich battles continue
Decision in Boswell-Vidovich pipeline fight set for April 1
“A Kings County Superior Court Judge will decide April 1 whether a large water pipeline barreling from Lemoore southwest past Stratford must be reviewed under the state’s California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Regardless of that decision, the full-blown water war that has erupted between Sandridge Partners or J.G. Boswell Company, who are behind this and other legal skirmishes, will continue. If Judge Valerie Chrissakis does rule on April 1 that the pipeline being built by Sandridge should come under CEQA review, that could subject it to months-long environmental studies and a whole lot more public scrutiny. The line has been the subject of intense curiosity among area farmers and even Boswell’s attorney has asked in court hearings what water the line will move and to where? … ” Read more from SJV Water here: Decision in Boswell-Vidovich pipeline fight set for April 1
Mono Lake’s low level may reduce LADWP water diversions
“Like we do every year, next Friday, April 1, Mono Lake Committee staff will meet staff from the Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (DWP) down at Mono Lake’s shore to read the lake level gauge together. The reading of the lake’s elevation will determine how much water DWP can divert from the streams in the subsequent twelve months. And this year the moment will be dramatic! The lake is closer to the important 6380-foot threshold than it ever has been for an April 1 reading. Just this morning the vast surface of Mono Lake, twice the size of San Francisco, was a mere inch below 6380′. If the lake is still below 6380′ on April 1, then automatic State Water Board protections kick into action and DWP’s allowed stream diversions will be reduced. This requirement was designed to respond to the many perils created by the lake being so low. … ” Read more from the Mono Lake Committee here: Mono Lake’s low level may reduce water diversions
The deceptively simple plan to replenish California’s groundwater
“From afar, the rows of knobby grapevines blend into the landscape of pink-blossomed almond trees and fragrant citrus. But get up close and you’ll see something strange: The trunks of the vines are standing in several inches of glistening, precious water. These grapes, at the Kearney Agricultural Research Center in California’s San Joaquin Valley, are part of a grand experiment that many hope will help solve the state’s deepening water crisis. Here, in the state that provides some 40 percent of all the fresh produce grown in the United States, a 20-year-long drought has left growers and communities desperately short of water. To make up the persistent shortfall from rain and snow, they are pumping groundwater—and doing so far faster than water can trickle down from the surface to replenish underground aquifers. … ” Read the full story at National Geographic here (note: registration required): The deceptively simple plan to replenish California’s groundwater
California dam to get $100 million safety upgrade
“The U.S. Department of the Interior announced March 22 that the Bureau of Reclamation is providing project-specific funding of $100 million for the modification of B.F. Sisk Dam in California. The funding, authorized by the bipartisan infrastructure bill signed by President Joe Biden, was highlighted in an addendum to the Bureau’s initial spend plan for fiscal year 2022 funding allocations. The infrastructure package provides $500 million to Reclamation over the next five years to support critical dam safety projects, streamline construction management, maintain the operational capacity of Reclamation’s dams and minimize risk to the downstream public. These investments underscore Biden’s commitment to developing longer-term measures to respond to climate change, mitigate drought and build climate resiliency, administration officials said. … ” Read more from the Western Farm Press here: California dam to get $100 million safety upgrade
Anglers, hunters rally to preserve recreational access to Shag Slough, Liberty Island
“The Delta Stewardship Council at 10 a.m. March 24 will hear an appeal of a Delta Plan certification for a California Department of Water Resources restoration project at Lookout Slough, just west of Liberty Island in the North Delta, that opponents say will result in the loss of recreational fishing and hunting access. The Delta Stewardship Council is the agency that is tasked with managing the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta under the Delta Plan. Most self-certified projects like this one are not appealed — and they are allowed to proceed forward by the council if they are not appealed. … ” Read more from the Stockton Record here: Anglers, hunters rally to preserve recreational access to Shag Slough, Liberty Island
RELATED: DELTA COUNCIL: Consistency determination for the Lookout Slough Project appealed – again
Why Californians have been saving less water in 2022
“The latest figures on California’s water conservation are in, and they’re pretty dismal. Despite calls to reduce consumption during our punishing drought, Californians used 2.6 percent more water in January compared with the same month in 2020, according to state data. The figures for February and March are unlikely to be much better. These disappointing numbers represent a marked change from late 2021. In December, Californians reduced residential water usage by more than 15 percent, exceeding Gov. Gavin Newsom’s conservation target. October and November saw significant savings as well. So why the backslide? … ” Continue reading at the New York Times here: Why Californians have been saving less water in 2022
State unveils long-awaited standard for drinking water contaminant
“California today proposed a long-awaited standard for a cancer-causing contaminant in drinking water that would require costly treatment in many cities throughout the state. Traces of hexavalent chromium are widely found in the drinking water of millions of Californians, with some of the contamination naturally occurring and some from industries that work with the heavy metal. The proposed standard is a major step in a decades-long effort to curtail the water contaminant made infamous by the movie Erin Brockovich, based on residents of rural Hinkley, California who won more than $300 million from Pacific Gas & Electric for contamination of their drinking water. Once finalized, the standard would be a first in the nation to specifically target hexavalent chromium. ... ” Read more from Cal Matters here: State unveils long-awaited standard for drinking water contaminant
Rep. Khanna, Senator Warren introduce bill to prevent corporations from profiting off water rights
“Today, Representative Ro Khanna (D-CA) and Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) led a bicameral group of colleagues in introducing the Future of Water Act to amend the Commodity Exchange Act to prohibit futures trading of water or water rights and protect our country’s water. Water is a basic human right that must be managed and protected as a public trust resource. As climate change has increased the severity and frequency of drought in our country, large corporations should not be profiting off of water or water rights. Water should be affordable, easily accessible, and guarded from markets prone to manipulation and speculation that could cause real-world price increases. The announcement of the water futures trading received condemnation from the global water community, including the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water who stated: “Water is already under extreme threat from a growing population, increasing demands and grave pollution from agriculture and mining industry in the context of worsening impact of climate change. . . I am very concerned that water is now being treated as gold, oil and other commodities that are traded on Wall Street futures markets.” … ” Read more from Food & Water Watch here: Rep. Khanna, Senator Warren introduce bill to prevent corporations from profiting off water rights
In commentary this week …
Drought shows that CA’s water rights system is bankrupt
Doug Obegi, Director, California River Restoration of NRDC’s Water Division, writes, “California’s ongoing drought – or more accurately, our new normal in light of the reality of climate change – demonstrates that California’s water system is effectively bankrupt and broken, the result of having promised far more water (through claimed water rights and water contracts) than is available in an average year, let alone can be sustainably delivered during dry years. The drought disaster we’re facing this year is not simply a hydrologic problem; it is the result of the State’s failure to plan for droughts, particularly the failure to maintain adequate carryover storage in Shasta and other reservoirs last year. While conditions have been very dry the past two plus months, droughts are a fact of life and we can’t control hydrology. But we do control what happens to water in the Bay-Delta watershed, and the failure to plan for droughts last year – particularly the failure to maintain adequate carryover storage in upstream reservoirs in 2021 by reducing water supply allocations and water diversions, as we warned last fall – leaves California without good options in 2022. … ” Read more from the NRDC here: Drought shows that CA’s water rights system is bankrupt
Dan Walters: Finally, progress on vital Sites Reservoir project
“Simple logic tells us that as climate change alters precipitation patterns, California must expand its capacity to capture and store water. … Belatedly, increasing storage is moving upward on the political agenda. Last week, the federal Environmental Protection Agency invited sponsors of the Sites Reservoir project, which has been on the back burner for decades, to apply for a $2.2 billion loan that would cover roughly 40% of the project’s estimated cost. Along with some state water bond money and commitments from prospective users of the project — Southern California water agencies, mostly — Sites is now in position to put together a financing package to make it a reality.” … ” Read more from Cal Matters here: Dan Walters: Finally, progress on vital Sites Reservoir project
DWP rebuffs cooperative solution to air quality problem at Mono Lake
Bartshe Miller, Eastern Sierra Policy Director for the Mono Lake Committee, writes, “Last fall the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District hosted a Mono Air & Water Workshop in Lee Vining. The purpose of the workshop was to initiate a dialogue among stakeholders, agencies, and the Great Basin governing board to discuss and address Mono Basin air quality and lake level issues in a public forum. Mono Lake is a source of particulate air pollution because excessive water diversions by DWP dropped the lake’s level, exposing dry lakebed that produces dust in the wind. Air quality violations at Mono Lake persist and remain the worst in the nation for particulate matter less than ten microns in diameter, or PM-10. Those in attendance included the Inyo National Forest, the Mono Lake Kutzadika’a Tribe, the Mono Lake Committee, California State Parks, California Air Resources Board, and Great Basin staff and senior scientists. The Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (DWP) was invited, but it neither attended nor provided any statement in lieu of its conspicuous absence. … ” Read more from the Mono Lake Committee here: DWP rebuffs cooperative solution to air quality problem at Mono Lake
Groundwater exports benefit Los Angeles, impact Mono Lake
Geoff McQuilkin, Executive Director of the Mono Lake Committee, writes, “DWP captures more than streams in the Mono Basin. Heading south from Mono Lake, drivers on Highway 395 zoom past a road junction marked with a sign for a mysterious “West Portal.” Portal to what? Is there a matching one in the east? Is this a science fiction destination, perhaps a portal to another dimension? Follow the dirt road in search of the portal and you’ll find sagebrush and a century of history involving—like so many things in the Mono Basin—hubris, the Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (DWP), and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Not to mention that the portal itself leads into a hidden water source that flows free of oversight to the distant city at around 375,000 gallons per hour. … ” Read more from the Mono Lake Committee here: Groundwater exports benefit Los Angeles, impact Mono Lake
Is California now at war with farms?
Kerry Jackson, a fellow with the Center for California Reform at the Pacific Research Institute, writes, “California leads the nation in agricultural production. It’s no exaggeration to say this state feeds the world out of its fertile Central Valley. But that rich land has become a battlefield. California is the nation’s No. 1 state in agriculture commodity sales, with its share nearly double that of no. 2 Iowa. More than a third of the vegetables and two-thirds of the fruits and nuts produced in America are grown in California. Cattle accounts for more than $3 billion in receipts. Poultry, eggs, hogs, and miscellaneous livestock rack up more than $2 billion. … Despite agriculture’s vital role in the California economy, some want to use legislation to shut down a significant portion of the industry. If enacted, Assembly Bill 2764 “would prohibit commercial animal feeding operations and slaughterhouses, as defined, from commencing or expanding operations.” …” Read more from GV Wire here: Is California now at war with farms?
California gets a grade of ‘D’ for inaction on the climate crisis
Mary Creasman, the CEO of California Environmental Voters, writes, “This decade is our last chance to prevent a climate crisis catastrophe and ensure a safe and healthy future for all Californians. But our state’s leaders are failing to act. Each year, we assess if California is doing enough to fight the climate crisis. We look at the actions of the governor and state legislators. We see how climate legislation fared and if our leaders in Sacramento championed climate solutions or delayed our response to the crisis. And we share this information with voters. This year, we have assigned California its first “D” grade for inaction on the climate crisis in 2021. This grade reflects that California is not on track to meet its current goals to address climate change and has not passed significant climate legislation in more than three years. This is despite the reality that we are experiencing severe climate impacts: wildfires, extreme heat, pollution and drought. … ” Read more from Cal Matters here: California gets a grade of ‘D’ for inaction on the climate crisis
In regional water news this week …
Klamath Dam Removal Project opens up job opportunities for tribal members
“The Klamath River Renewal Corporation and Kiewit Project Management hosted a tribal outreach event in Yreka on Tuesday morning. KRRC and Kiewit Project Management are in the final design stages for the Klamath Dam Removal Project and spoke with members of the Karuk tribe about subcontracting and direct hire opportunities. Mark Bransom, Chief Executive Officer of the Klamath River Renewal Corporation, said that this project will serve as an economic development opportunity for tribal communities and businesses. … ” Read more from Channel 10 here: Klamath Dam Removal Project opens up job opportunities for tribal members
Court decision in Martis Valley West case
“A long-awaited victory for conservation groups came in mid-February when California’s 3rd District Court of Appeals found that the 2016 approval of development in Martis Valley overlooked the project’s impact on Lake Tahoe. Conservationists are hopeful that this decision sets a new precedent for development projects in the Tahoe region. “We want to create legal precedent that you can’t have these outside basin projects create all of their impacts on the Lake Tahoe Basin and do nothing to mitigate it,” said Alexis Ollar, executive director of Mountain Area Preservation, one of three groups involved in the litigation process. … ” Read more from Sierra Nevada Ally here: Court decision in Martis Valley West case
TERC Talk: Upwelling of Lake Tahoe showed water at the bottom is crystal clear
“This year, on January 5, there were high fives, whooping, and hollering on the UC Davis research vessel. New Year’s Eve had long gone. Everyone had driveways full of snow waiting to be shoveled at home. Why the festivities? The reason for the celebration was “clear.” The first lake clarity measurement for 2022 was just taken and the Secchi disk was visible at an astounding 138 feet below the lake surface! That is the second deepest measurement recorded since routine monitoring started in 1968, the best being 142 feet on February 8, 1968. It is worth noting that a majority of TERC’s sampling team had not even been born at that time and the current, aging research vessel had yet to be built. … ” Read from South Tahoe Now here: TERC Talk: Upwelling of Lake Tahoe showed water at the bottom is crystal clear
Drought prompts water agency to start draw from Russian River weeks early
“A dry winter and early warm temperatures have prompted the Sonoma County Water Agency to start an annual process drawing water from the Russian River weeks earlier than normal. Crews from the agency, also known as Sonoma Water, inflated a rubber dam Monday near Forestville that is used to create a small pool from which the agency draws water for use in four off-stream infiltration ponds. These ponds help recharge groundwater, which is naturally filtered through sand and gravel and delivered to Sonoma Water’s customers, officials said in a news release issued Monday morning. … ” Read more from SF Gate here: Drought prompts water agency to start draw from Russian River weeks early
Monterey officials ask, again, for more water
“Monterey city officials are again lobbying state water overseers to open taps that have been blocked for years because of illegal diversions from the Carmel River, arguing that those diversions are no longer occurring. State water officials disagree. In a March 17 letter to the chairman and other members of the state Water Resources Control Board, Monterey Mayor Clyde Roberson and other City Council members argued that California American Water Co. is, more or less, no longer making illegal diversions since the amount of acre-feet that is being consumed is now down to the limit set by the water board. Lifting of the cease-and-desist order is critical for the development of any new housing that is required by a different state agency, the Department of Housing and Community Development. ... ” Read more from the Monterey Herald here: Monterey officials ask, again, for more water
State, local leaders make call for increased conservation as drought worsens
“Facing another year of extremely limited water supplies from the Northern Sierra, state and local water leaders today called on Southern Californians to significantly reduce their water use, particularly outdoors, where more than half of all residential water is typically used. Against a backdrop of a nursery filled with water-saving California native plants, state Secretary for Natural Resources Wade Crowfoot joined leaders from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power to sound the alarm on the severity of the drought – now in its third year – and offer residents tips and rebates to help them conserve. … ” Continue reading this press release from Metropolitan Water District here: State, local leaders make call for increased conservation as drought worsens
San Diego County avocado farmers must pay water district thousands to switch their service 一 or lose it
“Farmers in the Highland Valley between Ramona and Escondido are fighting their water district over a plan to force them to pay thousands of dollars to switch the type of water they use to irrigate their crops — or else go without the water. The plan is now mired in a delay of almost two years as the Ramona Municipal Water District considers the risk it will get sued and the impacts on its fire hydrant system. Russ Snow, who grows avocados on four acres in the Highland Valley, said the cost of the switch might make him stop farming altogether. … ” Continue reading at iNewsSource here: San Diego County avocado farmers must pay water district thousands to switch their service 一 or lose it
3 of California’s 5 biggest water users are in the Coachella Valley. Who’s consuming the most?
“Three Coachella Valley water agencies are among the state’s top five residential water users this winter so far, according to state data released last week amid growing concerns about serious drought. Tiny Myoma Dunes Water District — which serves Bermuda Dunes and a corner of La Quinta — ranked first in January, producing 217 gallons a day per residential customer. The Coachella Valley Water District, which serves Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, Thousand Palms, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Thermal and the Salton Sea communities, came in third with nearly 188 gallons a day per customer. Desert Water Agency, which serves Palm Springs and Cathedral City, ranked fifth with nearly 178 gallons a day per customer. ... ” Read more from the Desert Sun here: 3 of California’s 5 biggest water users are in the Coachella Valley. Who’s consuming the most?
Century old Colorado River Compact imperfect, but immovable
“As the Colorado River Compact approaches its 100th anniversary this November, the document is showing its age — from the lack of diversity in its authorship to its overestimation of waters available — but observers agree that it’s unlikely to get a modern-day facelift. That’s because for all of its missteps, the compact — known as the cornerstone of the “Law of the River,” the various agreements that dictate how the water is managed between seven basin states and Mexico — would be nearly impossible to rework at this point. “If we look at the compact today and ask ourselves, ‘Was it equitable given 2022 values?’ No, it wasn’t,” former Interior Assistant Secretary for Water and Science Anne Castle said last week at the University of Utah’s Wallace Stegner Center annual symposium. “But a part of the reason I say that I wouldn’t suggest a renegotiation is because I don’t think it’s politically possible.” … ” Read more from E&E News here: Century old Colorado River Compact imperfect, but immovable
Weekly features …
BLOG ROUND-UP: Drought shows that CA’s water rights system is bankrupt; Fatal errors in DWR’s runoff forecasting; Wishful thinking on the upcoming 2022 salmon season; Are GSPs upholding the Human Right to Water?; and more …
Click here to read the blog round-up.
Return to top